Democracy in Bangladesh Essay Example Essay Example

Democracy in Bangladesh Essay Example Paper Democracy in Bangladesh Essay Introduction The cost of good intentions: â€Å"solidarity† in Bangladesh The cost of good intentions: â€Å"solidarity† in Bangladesh Naila Kabeer 24 June 2004 How can the lives and conditions of women garment workers in Bangladesh be improved? Naila Kabeer questions whether the workers themselves benefit from the campaigning approach of Anita Roddick and the National Labor Committee. Anita Roddick writes on openDemocracy with passionate anger about the conditions of women workers in the export garment sector based on testimonies of workers she met on her visit to Bangladesh.Her account is supported by the United States-based National Labor Committee (NLC) which has been active in the country on this issue. Farida Khan, citing the World Bank country director in Bangladesh, offers a different perspective on the garment industry’s importance in the national economy and to Bangladeshi workers, one that partly counters Anita Roddick’s and the NLC’s views. I have be en engaged in research on different aspects of gender equality in Bangladesh, including the economic, for many years now; I have been particularly interested in how women themselves view their choices and life options.In contributing to this discussion, I will emphasise the issues that seem to me to be especially important in assessing the experience of women garment workers in Bangladesh, and where the best possibilities for improvement in their conditions might lie. Bangladesh in transformation Bangladesh, like much of south Asia, has always been a strongly patriarchal country. There are strict restrictions on women’s ability to participate in the public domain – whether to earn an income, attend school, or take part in politics.It remains one of the world’s poorer countries, classified by the United Nations as among its forty -eight least-developed economies. However, Bangladesh is also undergoing major social transformation. Poverty has been declining slowly but consistently over the past decade. The country moved, after several years of military dic tatorship, to a fragile democracy in 1990. There have also been important positive changes in the area of gender equality, something which would not have been possible if Islamic fundamentalists had the kind of presence that Farida Khan suggests.In this period, successive governments have played an active role in improving girls’ educational prospects. The gender gap in educ ation has been eliminated at www. openDemocracy. net 1 The cost of good intentions: â€Å"solidarity† in Bangladesh primary level and reduced at secondary level. A very active NGO sector, working largely with women from poorer households, has promoted self-employment opportunities for women in the countryside through the provision of microcredit, as well as greater awareness of their rights.There has been a high voter turnout by women at recent national and local elections – between 75% and 85% â⠂¬â€œ and increasing numbers of women are standing as candidates in local elections. Poverty remains a major problem in Bangladesh and many people still go hungry. No amount of effort by NGOs can solve the problem of unemployment in a country where, despite declining rates of population growth, there are a million new entrants to the labour force each year. nstigation, and roped together by their legs like cattle. Whether these are routine or exceptional incidents in the industry – and my own view is that they are not typical – they are indeed shocking and should be acted upon. The courts in Bangladesh work slowly and imperfectly, but they can and should be made to work in the interests of justice. But in making this point, we should also remember that these women are not â€Å"slaves† – however terrible their situation may appear to Anita Roddick.They are a group of workers who are exploited by their employers because of their social vulnerability and th eir limited choices, but they have exercised considerable strength of will and independent agency in making their way to these jobs. Most of them have migrated from the countryside, often on their own, Women from poorer ho useholds who explicitly in search of garment need paid work in order to survive Women from poorer employment. It is true that they are face particular problems.Returns to partly â€Å"pushed† into this sector by households who need women’s enterprise are low and the lack of employment paid work in order to social barriers to women’s opportunities in the countryside and participation in paid work outside survive face particular the low wages they are able to earn the home remain strong, particularly problems. there. But they are also â€Å"pulled† into in rural areas. Those women who do the industry by what they view as its find wage work earn wages far below more positive characteristics: those of men. egularity of income, and at higher levels than women with equivalent levels of education It is in this context that the million or so jobs can earn in other sectors. generated for women by the export-oriented garment industry have to be assessed. As Farida Khan points Moreover, it is difficult to reconcile the unrelentingly out, the participation of women in factory work is a harsh portrait painted by Anita Roddick with some of relatively new phenomenon in a country where women the evidence from research on garment workers. were almost invisible in public space.In the Consultations with urban poor households carried out Bangladeshi context, this is not a â€Å"novelty†: it is a by one of the largest NGOs in Bangladesh found that, social revolution. Nor is it necessary to have any of all the formal institutions that they had contact with, illusions about employers’ motivations in â€Å"preferring† the poor identified the garment industry (alongside female labour in a globally competitive industry to NGOs themselves) as the most positive. appreciate what these jobs have meant to women workers in Bangladesh.More micro-level research, including my own, suggests that women have many complaints about their jobs in Thus, Farida Khan’s contribution, though it portrays a the garment industry – but there is also much that they picture of Bangladesh which underestimates the value. These jobs have allowed them an opportunity to possibilities for change, at least balances a recognition earn their own living, to get out of the house, to of the exploitative aspects of work in the garment exercise some independent purchasing power, to industry with attention to its more positive postpone marriage or marry someone of their own implications.By contrast, Anita Roddick’s article does choice, to save and send money back to their families not. at home. Above all, these women value the opportunity these jobs provide to be economically self-reliant, Between slavery and freedo m rather than a burden on their families. The anger that impels Anita Roddick makes it clear The contradictions of activism that she draws from Bangladeshis’ experience the view that garment workers there are treated little better Anita Roddick and the NLC miss these significant than â€Å"slaves†.She relates stories of workers being dimensions of women garment workers’ ex perience. kicked and beaten, locked up by police at employers’ www. openDemocracy. net 2 The cost of good intentions: â€Å"solidarity† in Bangladesh The campaigning proposals that flow from their selective approach are equally problematic. They pledge to engage in an international campaign to â€Å"name and shame† those multinational companies that do business with Bangladeshi employers who do not respect women workers’ rights.Farida Khan, while rightly emphasising the importance of guaranteeing international mobility of labour and increased access of Bangladeshi p roducts to international markets as ways of improving conditions in the country, also suggests that campaigners might focus instead on the buying houses that deal directly with the employers. But these are the same companies and the same buying houses that have been reducing the prices they offer local employers – often at the same time as they pressurise them to improve labour standards. Naming and shaming† may indeed galvanise multinationals into action, but what will that action be? Offer higher prices per unit so that employers can pay for maternity leave – the â€Å"win-win† outcome? Deal only with those employers who can afford to pay for maternity leave and let the rest go out of business? Or simply move to a location where living standards and working conditions meet the requirements of global campaigners? It is important to ask: why do women workers not themselves organise to protest against what they consider to be the unacceptable aspects of the ir working conditions?The brutal tactics used by some of the employers that Anita Roddick describes are only part of the story. More important is their fear of losing their jobs when they know that there are many thousands of women ready to replace them. What workers need is to know that it is possible to protest without the fear of immediate dismissal. There is a law to that effect in Bangladesh but it is observed mainly in the breach. Yet this is a fundamental precondition for the right to organise.I would suggest that if the goal is to improve women’s capacity to speak for and organise themselves, then high-profile campaigns targeting individual companies are not the best way to achieve it. International solidarity would have more positive and lasting effects if it were focused on providing human rights and other organisations in Bangladesh with the support and resources they need to publicise workers’ rights and to take employers to court when these rights are viol ated. I have no doubt that Anita Roddick and the National Labor Committee have the interests of Bangladeshi women workers at heart.But good intentions implemented without due regard for their likely outcomes carry the danger of doing more harm than good to those they seek to benefit. Naila Kabeer is a research fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, England. She works primarily on poverty, gender, and social policy issues. She is the author of Reversed Realities: gender hierarchies in development thought (Verso, 1994) and The Power to Choose: Bangladeshi women and labour market decisions in London and Dhaka (Verso, 2000).Copyright  © Naila Kabeer, 24 June 2004. Published by openDemocracy Ltd. Permission is granted to reproduce this article for personal, non-commercial use only. In order to circulate internally or use this material for teaching or other commercial purposes you will need to obtain an institutional subscription. Reproduction of this arti cle is by arrangement only. openDemocracy articles are available for syndication. For institutional subscriptions, syndication and press inquiries, please call ++44 (0) 207 608 2000. www. openDemocracy. net 3 Democracy in Bangladesh Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Rules of the Game essays

Rules of the Game essays Jean Renoirs Rules of the Game(1939) is an excellent example of great French films. As a director Jean Renoir made use of the photography, plot and characters The deep focus shot as Gianetti and Leech put it A technique of Photography that permits all distant planes to remain clearly in focus, from close-up ranges to infinity is one of the most important techniques used in this classic film. For one it helps demonstrate the off-the-wall events that occur throughout this film, by being able to see the characters in the background as well as the foreground. In the entire film there are just over 300 shots, meaning that Renoir uses long sequences and lets the characters and actions develop themselves in front of the camera. Renoir was also very interested in making sure each character has a chance to reveal the character in detail, through both their words and actions. Another type of photography that Renoir uses very well were the close-ups. Close-ups are rarely used in Renoirs Rules of the game, but when they are used, they are used very effectively. The close-ups are only used on Christine (Nora Gregor) to demonstrate to the audience that she is the main and most important And finally the use of Renoirs Realist camera techniques are very evident in this film. The main techniques he used in this film were the large depth of the field, the constant camera movement and the long sequences. For this film Renoir ordered specially made lenses that would make it easier to change focus and capture multiplane movement. Renoir also uses a very mobile camera making you feel like a character in the film and not just a viewer. Rules of the Game, is one of the first films of all time to incorporate sexual freedom and its consequences that come along with it. Some Film critiques say that by the failure of Marquis to deal respectivel ...