Exploring the Scope of a Course in Human Resource Management

Am an alumni in business from Pun college, in the wake of finishing my graduation I chose to take up the experts program in Human Resource Management on the grounds that was keen on the job it plays in accomplishing associations objectives and key targets, among them being recruiting and preparing the best representatives, and managing execution issues. At that point, I sought after my post graduation in HRS from SCUD which was a separation adapting course. It however helped me in understanding the fundamental ideas of HARM range; I couldn't make a difference it basically on job.It was just when I shot my vocation working with a consultancy helped me in understanding the significance of enlistment and determination of representatives in an association. While working with a consultancy, picked up understanding Of customer cooperation from start up to COMIC level 5 organizations. It helped me to pick up inside and out comprehension of enrollment and now was an ideal opportunity to proc eed onward and increase reasonable involvement with different elements of HRS. Changed to another organization where acted In-house enlistment, got a presentation of employing understudies from TIT Delhi and TIT Iambi for a Japanese client.My official job in IT industry is constrained to enrollment and preparing, Performance evaluations, keeping up work air and overseeing questions. Through this program, might want to pick up information on different jobs like review, facilitator, consultancy and administration It's through this assorted administrative experience I have procured both in working and dealing with a workforce of such a significant number of individuals that have chosen to assist my examinations and seek after a vocation that will empower me give great specialized help and expert preparing to various firms ND worldwide enterprises on the best way to apply viable administrative principles.My all through instruction, experience and information moves me to additionally upg rade my capacities in HARM, and seeking after a confirmation degree from MM is a fantasy, an objective and will be the greatest accomplishment way of my profession. I need to prevail throughout everyday life and this program will empower me to be a prepared proficient, help me to comprehend top to bottom ideas of HARM My vocation objective is to work in a main firm that places need on demonstrable skill ND lead such association towards fulfillment of set objectives by utilizing information just as experience.I accept an accreditation in Human Resource Management is all that I have to make this fantasy materialize. I picked the program from MM to upgrade and extend my insight and abilities of Learning and advancement. The best piece of the program is to learn, redesign and develop, apply the learning while at the same time working.

The Benefits and Drawbacks of Proportional Representation Essay

Each state has its own unmistakable discretionary framework in picking their administration, Britain isn't a special case. It is an entrenched nation, which likewise looks for a proper and powerful lawmaking body. This thusly includes reasonable and discerning democratic approach and dissemination of seats. During periods it had various frameworks of political race and the present one is First-Past-The-Post (FPTP here and after). Be that as it may, as of late British government began to research its disadvantages and advantages, objectivity and reasonableness of decisions and now they are thinking about supplanting it by Proportional Representation (PR here and after). PR is the arrangement of political race where situates in parliament are nearly in same extent as votes cast, while FPTP is one of majority/lion's share frameworks, where parties with most votes take all and speak to the entire Parliament. (gotten to on http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/) The accompanying paper will break down the advantages and downsides of PR and as an end it will contend that this framework can effectively supplant FPTP in choosing British Government. In any case points of interest, PR would bring about better portrayal of the racial and ethnic minorities (Amy 1997). These gatherings are granted a constituent force at an open and territorial degree in the nations misusing this framework. Western Europe and Latin America are the expressive models where PR is predominant as indicated by Andrew Reynolds and Ben Reilly (2002). In addition, burden of this framework would give the voters a more noteworthy measure of perspectives, with the goal that the up-and-comers of Minor Parties would have greater chance to get a seat at Westminster (Amy 1997). Cooperation in explaining legislative issues would assist with building up some new ideas, which don’t a... ...re Proportional Representation can appropriately supplant First Past The Post in the appointment of British Government and I accept that inconvenience of PR will impact the further flourishing of the legislature and the nation all in all. Works Cited 1. Amy, J. 1997. Full Representation: The Case for a Better Election System. USA: Crescent Street Press. 2. Farrell,M. 2001. Appointive frameworks: A near presentation. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 3. Gallagher, M., and P.Mitchell. ed. 2008. The governmental issues of constituent frameworks. Oxford: Oxford University Press 4. Hix, S., R.Johnston and I.Mclean 2010. An examination report arranged for the British Academy. London. 5. Reynolds, A., B. Reilly and A.Ellis. 2008. Appointive System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook. Sweden: Trydells Tryckeri AB. 6. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/proportional_representation.htm

Top 5 Mind Expanding Podcasts on YouTube

Top 5 Mind Expanding Podcasts on YouTube 5 Top Podcasts to Expand Your Mind and Improve Your Knowledge 5 Top Podcasts to Expand Your Mind and Improve Your Knowledge The way that we consume content and information changed forever with the internet. New mediums of communication, and the universal availability of virtually free platforms has given more or less everyone a voice. Perhaps the most exciting new communication technology to emerge out of this new digital landscape is the podcast. The podcast has given intelligent, awe-inspiring, clear-headed, moral people around the world a platform from which to broadcast. The number of important voices that would not be around today if it werent for the podcast format is depressing to think about. Below are 5 mind expanding podcasts you may want to check out. The Joe Rogan Experience Many people dismiss Joe Rogan out of hand because they think that a bald, muscular, UFC commentator couldnt possibly have anything worthwhile to say. While you dont have to agree with Joe on everything, he is undoubtedly an intelligent, well-spoken, erudite, and generally sensible guy. His guest list is also incredible. The range of different academics, politicians, public intellectuals, scientists, philosophers, and comedians that he has on for 2-4 hour debates and conversations is staggering. The topics covered and the new information you will be exposed to make the JRE highly worth the subscription. Waking up Podcast â€" Sam Harris Neuroscientist, author, public intellectual, cultural critic and meditation aficionado, Sam Harris, is maybe one of the most well spoken, level headed and interesting voices of the 21st century, so far. Harris podcast tackles everything, from religion, to politics, to metaphysical arguments with leading philosophers, computer scientists, psychologists, even former world champion chess player, Gary Kasparov. It is truly inspiring, and humbling, to listen to some of the greatest minds in the world debate big issues, as well as many hard to grasp, more esoteric issues. Your understanding of reality and moral reasoning will not be the same after listening to Sam Harris. Radio Lab Radio Lab is a multi-media rich podcast that blends storytelling with science in an effort to explore physical reality. Their guest list is similarly broad and eclectic, with a wide range of scientists, and academics weighing in and lending their education and expertise to the explorations. Some of the more jaw dropping of the episodes include the ones on “colours,” “space” and “words.” 99% Invisible You will never look at design and architecture the same way after you watch this podcast. Award winning producer, Roman Mars, enlightens the audience on how people have become, more or less, completely inured to the incredible feats of architecture and design that we see around us on a daily basis. The episodes are fast, relaxing and filled with mind expanding knowledge that is great for a commute because you can apply it to what you see out the window as you go. Quirks and Quarks This is a weekly podcast hosted by Bob McDonald and is essentially a current events podcast on what is new in the world of scientific inquiry and discovery. The mind expanding show is divided into multiple segments where the topic is discussed, and the host conducts a question and answer period with the scientist, or team of scientists behind the findings. So much is happening on a daily basis on the frontiers of science that its difficult to stay informed on all of the amazing discoveries and breakthroughs that are happening around us. The truth is, there are hundreds upon hundreds of podcasts out there that you could, and if you had an infinite amount of free time, should be listening to. Only you can curate your own perfect list, but the above 5 mind expanding podcasts are a great place to start. If you liked what you read and want to find out more about how Homework Help Canada can help with your studies, check out our services page today. References: (2015). “What’s an Educational Podcast I Should Start Listening to?” Reddit. Retrieved from: Mathers, D. (2015). “Top 5 Podcasts Expanding Consciousness.” Mind Debris. Retrieved from: Yesilbas, A. (2013). “13 Smart Podcasts That Will Feed Your Hunger for Knowledge and Ideas.” io9. Retrieved from: 13-smart-podcasts-that-will-feed-your-hunger-for-knowle-472895324 Top 5 Mind Expanding Podcasts on YouTube 5 Top Podcasts to Expand Your Mind and Improve Your Knowledge 5 Top Podcasts to Expand Your Mind and Improve Your Knowledge The way that we consume content and information changed forever with the internet. New mediums of communication, and the universal availability of virtually free platforms has given more or less everyone a voice. Perhaps the most exciting new communication technology to emerge out of this new digital landscape is the podcast. The podcast has given intelligent, awe-inspiring, clear-headed, moral people around the world a platform from which to broadcast. The number of important voices that would not be around today if it werent for the podcast format is depressing to think about. Below are 5 mind expanding podcasts you may want to check out. The Joe Rogan Experience Many people dismiss Joe Rogan out of hand because they think that a bald, muscular, UFC commentator couldnt possibly have anything worthwhile to say. While you dont have to agree with Joe on everything, he is undoubtedly an intelligent, well-spoken, erudite, and generally sensible guy. His guest list is also incredible. The range of different academics, politicians, public intellectuals, scientists, philosophers, and comedians that he has on for 2-4 hour debates and conversations is staggering. The topics covered and the new information you will be exposed to make the JRE highly worth the subscription. Waking up Podcast â€" Sam Harris Neuroscientist, author, public intellectual, cultural critic and meditation aficionado, Sam Harris, is maybe one of the most well spoken, level headed and interesting voices of the 21st century, so far. Harris podcast tackles everything, from religion, to politics, to metaphysical arguments with leading philosophers, computer scientists, psychologists, even former world champion chess player, Gary Kasparov. It is truly inspiring, and humbling, to listen to some of the greatest minds in the world debate big issues, as well as many hard to grasp, more esoteric issues. Your understanding of reality and moral reasoning will not be the same after listening to Sam Harris. Radio Lab Radio Lab is a multi-media rich podcast that blends storytelling with science in an effort to explore physical reality. Their guest list is similarly broad and eclectic, with a wide range of scientists, and academics weighing in and lending their education and expertise to the explorations. Some of the more jaw dropping of the episodes include the ones on “colours,” “space” and “words.” 99% Invisible You will never look at design and architecture the same way after you watch this podcast. Award winning producer, Roman Mars, enlightens the audience on how people have become, more or less, completely inured to the incredible feats of architecture and design that we see around us on a daily basis. The episodes are fast, relaxing and filled with mind expanding knowledge that is great for a commute because you can apply it to what you see out the window as you go. Quirks and Quarks This is a weekly podcast hosted by Bob McDonald and is essentially a current events podcast on what is new in the world of scientific inquiry and discovery. The mind expanding show is divided into multiple segments where the topic is discussed, and the host conducts a question and answer period with the scientist, or team of scientists behind the findings. So much is happening on a daily basis on the frontiers of science that its difficult to stay informed on all of the amazing discoveries and breakthroughs that are happening around us. The truth is, there are hundreds upon hundreds of podcasts out there that you could, and if you had an infinite amount of free time, should be listening to. Only you can curate your own perfect list, but the above 5 mind expanding podcasts are a great place to start. If you liked what you read and want to find out more about how Homework Help USA can help with your studies, check out our services page today. References: (2015). “What’s an Educational Podcast I Should Start Listening to?” Reddit. Retrieved from: Mathers, D. (2015). “Top 5 Podcasts Expanding Consciousness.” Mind Debris. Retrieved from: Yesilbas, A. (2013). “13 Smart Podcasts That Will Feed Your Hunger for Knowledge and Ideas.” io9. Retrieved from: 13-smart-podcasts-that-will-feed-your-hunger-for-knowle-472895324

Teachers Evaluation System Thesis - 1108 Words

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY CAVITE CITY CAMPUS TEACHERS EVALUATION SYSTEM (CVSU CCC-TES) Undergraduate Thesis Submitted to the faculty of the Department of Communication and Information Technology Cavite State University Cavite City Campus Cavite City In partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Information Technology EUGENE ALLISON CHRISTOPHER GANCAYCO NIÑA NORISA C. MARANGA MELANIE MONTEFALCON March 2014 INTRODUCTION Teacher’s evaluation is an annual process that a management of a certain university is conducting with the participation of their randomly selected students in the purpose of knowing if their professors are doing the teaching protocols that was established by the†¦show more content†¦It will provide the students the opportunity to practice their rights and for the management to lessen the consume time in doing the process. It will also help the researchers and other IT students to gain information in using different PL’s to enhance the system as well as to enhance their skills in designing and creating a useful system. Furthermore, it will also help the researchers to enhance their expertise and to provide innovation of technology. This study will also be useful for other people specially those who are involved in the same line of expertise or those who are facing the same problem to develop their own or an innovation of this study. Time and place of the study This study will be conducted at Cavite State university- Cavite City Campus from June to October 2012. The other conducted researches that are related to the study were implemented at Cavite State University Cavite City Campus. Scope and limitation This study involves the creation of a system called Teacher’s Evaluation System or TES. This system is intended for the management to answer their problems with regards to their teacher’s evaluation process. The evaluators can assess their professors easily by just clicking the mouse. The system will be capable of finishing the process in the minimum approximate time. The system contains some features such as; it will automatically rate scores of the finalist basedShow MoreRelatedWhat I Have Majored And Systems Engineering ( Ise ) For One And A Half Years At Virginia Tech1114 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Statement I have majored in Industrial and Systems Engineering (ISE) for one and a half years at Virginia Tech. My passion for ISE originated from my undergraduate studies. I achieved GPA 91/100 and ranked 1/66 when I graduated from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), one of China s top 3 universities offering the Industrial Engineering program. When I got into NUAA, I entered an Honors Program, which offers students a chance to choose their majors according to academicRead MoreIssues in Teaching Writing1351 Words   |  6 PagesMany teachers have their own approaches to teaching writing and not to say that they are not effective I just feel that if some people change their approach some of the problems I myself see can be changed by a change in the approach to teaching and assessing writing. Some issues I see are students not being exposed to different styles of writing, their writing assignments challenge their knowledge and remembrance instead of their analytical and critical thinking skills, and the way teachers assessRead MoreThe American Public Education System913 Words   |  4 Pagesways the American Education System has failed its members. Education in the United States is provided by public schools and private schools. Public education is universally required at the kindergarten through twelfth grade level. 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On the surveys, giving NNES students the opportunity to put their suggestions forward and get involved to seek opinionsRead MoreEssay about Year-Round Schooling: A Push for the Better1020 Words   |  5 Pages INTRODUCTION Most schools in America today follow the traditional 180-day schooling system. This system was started in the 19th century when schooling for children began. There was a 10-week summer vacation for the students to help their families on the farm for harvesting. In March of 2009, President Barak Obama suggested to the public his Race to the Top program. The program is to extend the school hours or extend the school days. â€Å"We can no longer afford an academic calendar designedRead MoreMy Reading Of Reign Of Error By Diane Ravitch861 Words   |  4 Pagespolicies set. Ravitch believes that since the government is incorrect in their diagnosis of the system they are also wrong in their attempt to provide solutions. I have only been teaching for two years, but I have been in the education field a total of four years including field experiences, student teaching, and two years as a teacher. As I compare my experiences of being the student and being the teacher, I am left with on e thing in mind; things have changed! I agree with Ravitch in saying that theRead MoreEssay about Thesis Document Management System11241 Words   |  45 PagesComputer Studies Thesis Document Management System University of Perpetual Help System DALTA – Calamba Campus College of Computer Studies Thesis Document Management System A Software Project Presented to the Faculty of the College of Computer Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Software Engineering Moreno, Ma. Angelica S. Pua, Abigail A. Torre, Juan Paulo I. March 2014 College of Computer Studies Thesis Document Management System University of Perpetual Help System DALTA – CalambaRead MoreThe Importance Of The Public Education System Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagesof the public education system in America, as well as the areas in which it could improve to have a more meaningful, lasting effect on the students. I. Introduction A. Background 1. Higher education costs are rising and the demand for basic supplies and services are increasing exponentially, due to a growing population and a consumer society. a. This means that the career path for high school graduates is more diverse than the singular college route that the school system would like every studentRead MoreRaising Standards And Improving The Performance Of All Students1249 Words   |  5 Pagesembrace educational goals, opportunities and activities. Students are as different as the diverse ways in which they learn. The traditional ways of learning where the class is teacher directed is steadily changing to a more students centered environment where students can flourish. Personal Learning Environments (PLEs) are systems that are devised to encourage learners to take control of and manage their own learning. A Personal Learning Environment (PLE) describes the tools, communities, and servicesRead MoreA Report On Beijing Normal University Sexuality Education Program1234 Words   |  5 Pages3. What are the current sexual and reproductive health education needs of primary school students in Beijing? 4. Are there other sources for information where adolescents receive information on sexual and reproductive health besides education systems? (Internet, movies, peers?) 5. What are the challenges in the implementation of the policies of sexual and reproductive health education (including HIV/AIDS education) for adolescents? 6. How can these implementation challenges be overcome

The Memoir Of A Recovering Skinhead - 895 Words

In the Autobiography of a Recovering Skinhead, Frank met multiple people who changed his life. For instance, his family had an impact on his life. His father had not been there for him as he grew up, while his mother changed his last name to hers so Frank would not know he was Irish. John’s introduction into Frank’s life was what had truly ignited Frank’s anger. John was his mother’s new boyfriend, who eventually married his mother and raised two children with her. He also beat Frank as a child and would often call him stupid or mentally retarded. After for what seemed like a while, John convinced Frank’s mother to kick Frank out of the house, which she has responded accordingly to. He leaves to live with his cousin Shawn, who would introduce him to life as a skinhead. Shawn and his friends introduced and taught Frank about neo-nazi customs Frank became a skinhead. Frank’s cousin Nick was another huge element in his life, since he taught him many life lessons. An example of such is seen when Frank joins and takes part in Nick’s crew, which Nick then explains to Frank that he cannot protect him despite the fact that they are family. In addition to family, Frank also met more people that changed his life during his time in an Illinois prison. For example, his best friends in prison (Little G. and Jello) allowed him see the world without hatred and see that race or skin color does not make them any different from one another. Their words broadened Frank’s newly foundShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesimmigration and the expulsion of those immigrants already present. At the street level, fights between immigrant and native youths became frequent, sometimes leading to fire bombings. In many European cities, nativist youths shaved their skulls and, as â€Å"skinheads,† went out seeking â€Å"foreigners,† even those who had been in place for a generation and more. In England, the phenomenon earned its own name: â€Å"Paki[stani]-bashing.† In France, as the Muslim population coming from the former colonies in North Africa

Opp Papers Free Essays

Want to play on a truly global field? Here’s your chance to up your game to a new level. Job Title: Reports To: Job Band: Function: Location: Cabin Crew Purser Three (3) Operations Lagos Purpose Statement: To ensure passenger safety and comfort on board the aircraft and to provide the same with the highest degree of service and customer care in line with the company’s brand, service and people values. Primarily working in the Business and Economy section of the aircraft. We will write a custom essay sample on Opp Papers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Key Accountabilities: a) To ensure on board safety, overall welfare and comfort of passengers on board each flight. b) To offer exceptional service to customers that will encourage continued patronage of the Airline’s services. c) To ensure that where possible, service is recovered whenever there is a breakdown or service failure. d) To maintain currency of cabin crew licence and competency on all aircraft types included in the licence. e) Remain current on company’s instructions via General Notices, SEP and AVMED manuals. ) To attend a pre-flight briefing and to answer a safety related question from the Purser in accordance with the Standard operating procedures described in the Air Nigeria Cabin Attendant Manual. Knowledge, Skills and Experience: Some of the required qualifications, skills experience for the role are as follows HND or good University degree Completed NYSC Confident Swimmer Good spoken English Language Able to do basic Maths (currency conversion etc) Should possess qualities of diplomacy Able to do basic Maths (currency conversion etc) A good understanding of the French language and least one year customer would be an asset. Working Relationships: ? Internal: SEP/AVMED Instructors, Flight Deck crew, Crew Line Managers, Flight Service Managers, Pursers, Crew Control, Customer Services Agents, Catering unit and Engineering unit. External: Passengers, Catering Companies, Hotels ? Interested applicants who meet the above criteria should apply Method of Application: by writing a covering letter as to why you believe you should be a part of a winning team. Please attach a full length colour photograph of yourself and an updated curriculum vitae with copies of relevant certificates and submit at the Front Desk any of the following locations- Air Nigeria Office, 3rd Floor MMIA, Lagos or 9th Floor, Etiebets place, 21 Mobolaji bank Anthony way, Ikeja Other important information: NIL Take down date: November 23, 2010 Best regards, For: Air Nigeria Human Resources Department How to cite Opp Papers, Papers

How to Read Literature Like a Professor Essay Sample free essay sample

I. Every Trip Is a Quest ( Except When It’s Not )The five most of import things that make up a pursuit involve the chief character really traveling on the pursuit. a location of where the seeker must travel. the ground of traveling on the quest. challenges and jobs faced along the pursuit. and so the existent ground why the pursuit was of import. â€Å"The existent ground for a pursuit is ever self-knowledge† ( Foster 3 ) . As the quest continues on. less is heard about the original ground why the pursuit is even started. and by so the character has already gone through some alterations. In â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† . Huck and Jim embark on a pursuit along the Mississippi River to Cairo. trusting that Jim would eventually be able to be a free adult male. During the journey. a friendly relationship is formed between Jim and Huck. and they stumble upon obstructions about everyplace they went because most of the South was still prejudice against inki nesss. By the terminal of the novel. Huck realizes that how society treats Jim and other inkinesss is incorrect. and he chooses his friendly relationship with Jim over the values and imposts he has been surrounded by turning up. II. Nice to Eat with You: Acts of Sacramental manduction In chapter two Foster explains that anytime two or more characters are eating together. that that is an act of Communion. but non in a spiritual sense. Sacramental manduction refers to the portion of mass where everyone comes together as a whole and experiences one act together. Whenever characters in a scene come together and eat. it symbolizes a peace between them ; it’s rare to see characters non bask themselves while eating. Foster explains how. â€Å"breaking staff of life together is an act of sharing and peace† ( Irving 8 ) . The arrangement of eating nutrient is a really personal act in novels. because normally it is around characters that you are comfy with. At dinner tabular arraies is when you can calculate out how each character feels about one another. and at dinner tabular arraies. the writer normally portions the interior ideas of a character. In William Golding’s. â€Å"Lord of the Flies† . Golding uses the campfire as a dinner tabular arra y. as the childs centre around eating whatever they had hunted. During these scenes. you can see how each character reacts to another. and how sides were drawn. In Raymond Carver’s. â€Å"Cathedral† . the chief character overcomes his disliking of people who are different when he and the blind sit down for a repast and he realizes that they portion a common bond. III. Nice to Eat You: Acts of Vampire Foster introduces the original of a lamia in this chapter. Vampires are non merely good-looking. picket. burn-in-the-sun. violent leechs. lamias can be in human signifier. Actual vampirism. like the instance of Dracula trades with a batch of lecherousness. but in a more actual sense. vampirism trades with. â€Å"selfishness. development. [ and ] a refusal to esteem the liberty of other people† ( Foster 16 ) . To calculate out if there is. so. a lamia in a narrative. you must look out for an older adult male. or adult female. that represents antique corruptness. Then that character normally goes for a immature guiltless female and uses her all up. the â€Å"vampire† takes off her artlessness and her young person. Until finally. there is the decease of the immature female. non in the actual sense. and the older male continues to populate on. That is when you know there is a lamia in the narrative. A lamia is fundamentally any character in a narrative that uses other people to acquire what they want. they are selfish. Much like the characters from â€Å"Mean Girls† . they place their ain desires before others. A batch of the characters in â€Å"The Great Gatsby† are lamias. they suck up all the wealth from their parents and when they have all that they want. they neer hear from the parents once more. The invitees at Jay Gatsby’s parties merely use him because they want to acquire into the party. non because they like him. Daisy Buchanan is an illustration of a female lamia who merely married Tom for his money. she besides sucks up all of Jay’s love. IV. If It’s a Square. It’s a Sonnet Foster defines a sonnet as being. â€Å"fourteen lines long and written about in iambic pentameter† ( Foster 23 ) . He tells the reader that a sonnet gets its significance through its signifier. 14 lines. When you read a verse form. expression at the existent form of all the lines put together. if it is. or close to. a square. so it is a sonnet. Foster so describes the types of sonnets. There is the Petrarchan sonnet which is an octave followed by a six. An octave being eight lines group together and a six being six lines group together. â€Å"These eight lines carry one thought. those six another related idea† ( Foster 26 ) . A Shakespearean sonnet is structured by 3 quatrains and so reasoning with a pair. Foster explains that the first 2 quatrains have a significance all together while the 3rd quatrain and the stoping pair have intending together every bit good. The bulk of Shakespeare’s poesy is broken down into sonnets. Hence. we have the name. â€Å"Shakesp earian Sonnet† . Much of his ignoble sonnets dealt with the affair of love. His last two lines of his sonnets would ever bind in with the chief thought presented in the first quatrain. V. Now. Where have I Seen Her Before? The chief thought in this chapter is that. â€Å"stories grow out of other narratives. poems out of other verse forms. And they don’t have to lodge to genre. Poems can larn from dramas. vocals from novels† ( Foster 33 ) . Stories all root from other original work and original work root from other plants. Basically. all narratives and characters have been inspired by other author’s narratives and characters. Writers get their alone manner from other novels or verse forms they have read. They besides write based off their childhood. negotiations with friends. vocals. and films. There is so much that goes on within an author’s caput when he or she writes. History is another beginning of inspiration. When you bit by bit begin to read other books. you will derive delectation when descrying out those similar state of affairss that you read three old ages ago. It becomes a kind of â€Å"Where’s Waldo† game. The most of import portion is when the readers â€Å"recognize elements from some anterior text and get down pulling comparings and analogues that may be antic. parodic. tragic. anything† ( Foster 34 ) . Both the â€Å"Harry Potter† series and the â€Å"Lord of the Ring† series both center around a immature character who does recognize that he is destined for something bigger than himself. Both Harry and Frodo encounter fabulous animals that they merely defeat because they have something that their enemies don’t have. friends. Friends whom are loyal buddies. At the terminal of each series. they both realize that they both have to decease for the greater good. VI. When in Doubt. It’s From Shakespeare†¦ This chapter glorifies the popular happening of William Shakespeare in many many plants. â€Å"He’s everyplace. in every literary signifier you can believe of. And he’s neer the same: every age and every author reinvents its ain Shakespeare† ( Foster 38 ) . Shakespeare has become stuck in our civilization and caputs. His quotation marks are said and written in novels and films even if you don’t recognize that they are from Shakespeare. â€Å"We love the dramas. the great characters. the fabulous addresss. the witty repartee even in times of duress† ( Foster 42 ) . The ground that Shakespeare is referenced so frequently is because the linguistic communication he uses in his quotation marks is beautiful and memorable. They enhance intending. Writers besides write their narratives while seting a different angle of Shakespeare’s narrative so that they can show their ain significance. Speaking of retellings. the 1996 remaking of â€Å"Romeo and J uliet† was a contemporary version of the original drama which immature people could associate to. â€Å"The Accidental Billionaires† was a narrative of Mark Zuckerberg and his rise to power. and his turning greed for it. much like the narrative of Julius Caesar. â€Å"The Great Gatsby† relates to â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† because both narratives deal with category differences that create a struggle within love. Romeo and Juliet came from different households. hence non able to show love with each other. On the other manus. Jay Gatsby and Daisy came from different categories turning up. so Daisy had moved on and married a adult male within her category. VII. †¦Or the Bible It’s difficult reading a narrative. â€Å"without running into citations. secret plans. characters. [ and ] whole narratives drawn from the Bible† ( Foster 52 ) . Similar to Shakespeare. the many mentions to the Bible comes from the fact that the authorship in the Bible is beautiful. which includes many fables. Another ground why the Bible is such an of import tool for an writer is because of the moral lessons and narratives that are in the Bible. The narrative of Adam and Eve tells the narrative of Eve’s loss of artlessness and perpetrating wickedness. This is a narrative that can be seen everyplace. particularly in cheesy adolescent situation comedies. Some writers take allusions from the Bible and utilize them for the interest of sarcasm. They are used to â€Å"heighten continuities between the spiritual tradition and the modern-day minute but to exemplify a disparity or disruption† ( Foster 52 ) . The narratives from the Bible are to a great extent use d because it shows the emotions and moral picks that occur in both the yesteryear and the present. â€Å"Rebecca† is a perfect illustration of scriptural sarcasm. The chief character marries Maxim. a rich adult male who has had a married woman before. The chief character becomes obsessed believing that her hubby is still in love with Rebecca. This alludes to the Rebekah in the Bible who was so beautiful that her hubby pretended that she was his sister so that he would non be killed over her. Ironically. in this narrative. Maxim killed Rebecca because of how atrocious she was. VIII. Hanseldee and GreteldumIn this chapter. Foster expresses how â€Å"modern authors can’t presume a common organic structure of cognition on the portion of their readers† ( Foster 59 ) . Because for me. and most of the other pupils who had to read â€Å"How to Read Literature Like a Professor† . we have non read all of Shakespeare’s dramas or the whole Bible. So what are writers to make? Simple. relate to our childhood favourites. Writers use elements from childhood books â€Å"to add deepness and texture to your narrative. to convey out a subject. to impart sarcasm to a statement. to play with readers’ deeply ingrained cognition of faery tales† ( Foster 62 ) . They use the narratives from childhood phantasies so that readers will be familiar with the narrative. while the writer might utilize this cognition so that they can set a turn to the narrative. In a new novel. readers look for the childhood mentions so that they can do sense of th e narrative and that will assist the reader learn the significance of the work. The narrative of â€Å"Hansel and Gretel† relates to â€Å"The Kite Runner† because the storyteller. Amir and his friend Hassan gets into problem as childs. As the narrative goes on. Amir tells the narrative of how he left his place and escaped to America. as how Hansel and Gretel left their place in hunt of something new. While in America. Amir reflects upon his fatherland and gets a missive that calls him to travel back. His fatherland becomes foreign to him and he feels threatened. like how Hansel and Gretel are in danger in the witche’s place. Finally the childs kill the enchantress. and Amir blinds Assef who would be the scoundrel in this novel. IX. It’s Greek to Me This chapter offers another genre that novels allude to. the narratives of ancient Grecian myths. What Foster means by â€Å"myth† is narrative. â€Å"the ability of narrative to explicate ourselves to ourselves in ways that natural philosophies. doctrine. mathematics. chemistry- all really utile and enlightening in their ain right-can’t† ( Foster 65 ) . They help explicate certain supernatural thoughts but besides supply its ain lessons. These lessons shape our civilization and assist us populate with a certain position of life. Writers may utilize tribal myths that pertain to their background or community. They use these narratives because they matter to non merely him. but to his community. Writers besides use classical myth to assist understand the context of the work. Some characters are named after Greek or Roman characters to assist qualify where they stand. Writers use ancient narratives to assist readers understand the context of the narrative. merely like how writers use the Bible. Shakespeare. and childhood narratives. â€Å"Homer gives us four great battles to of the human being: with nature. with the Godhead. with other worlds. and with ourselves† ( Foster 71 ) . Amir struggles to return place in â€Å"The Kite Runner† . Like Odysseus. Amir must travel through hard obstructions before he feels like he is place. His male parent. Baba. reminds us of Hector because Baba sacrificed his luck to protect his household by get awaying to America. Baba is besides similar Achilles because during his celebrity in Afghanistan. he strived to keep his pride. self-respect. and his name. X. It’s More Than Just Rain or Snow Foster provinces that â€Å"Weather is neer merely conditions. It’s neer merely rain. And that goes for snow. Sun. heat. cold. and likely sleet† ( Foster 75 ) . Rain is used as a secret plan device because it adds an uncomfortable scene to both the characters and the state of affairs. It besides can add suspense or enigma to a scene ; I mean when is fog used for a happy walk in the park? Rain can typify the cleaning of person. Water is associated with metempsychosis. get downing over. much like how baptism washes off our wickednesss. Rain can rinse off whatever troubles the character has had. and they will be replenished into a new life. Rain is vitalizing. It helps the animate beings and the workss in the universe thrive. it’s the indispensable ingredient that every homo needs. Fog symbolizes confusion. as one can non clearly see while in fog. â€Å"fog is mental and ethical every bit good as physical† ( Foster 80 ) . Snow is much similar rain. it is really pure. really clean. but excessively much of it can go soiled or overpowering. Snow can cover a past minute. much like how rain washes off what is dirty. In â€Å"The Awakening† . the chief character becomes ill of her topographic point in society and is ill of her existent topographic point where she lives. She ever ponders about the ocean as a topographic point where she can eventually be free. At the terminal of the novel. she runs into the ocean naked and drowns herself. the ocean being the baptismal fount to rouse her into a new life. a life of freedom she ever wanted. Eleven. †¦More Than It’s Gon na Hurt You: Refering ViolenceFoster emphasizes that â€Å"Violence is one of the most personal and even adumbrate Acts of the Apostless between human existences. but it can besides be cultural and social in its implications† ( Foster 88 ) . Violence in existent life is merely force in existent life. while force in literature frequently has a deeper significance. Unlike enigma books. force is symbolic action. The decease of worlds can demo how small we are to the universe. It can demo how alone we truly are in this universe. and it can assist us recognize that we should non take life for granted. Writers are the God of their ain written Earth and so they have the power to kill off any of the characters for the interest of the narrative. Sometimes a decease occurs to raise struggle. or merely a complication within the narrative. Some writers would utilize certain types of force to demo the epoch the scene is in. Other times. force represents a battle. either political. or a battle from one’s inner ego. When Tom Buchanan slaps Myrtle Wilson during a party at Tom’s flat in â€Å"The Great Gatsby† . this was non merely a random smack of no ground ; it showed the intervention that work forces gave to adult females during those times. The act of force besides showed the value of Myrtle to Tom compared to Daisy’s value to Tom. Romeo’s self-destruction was an act of sarcasm because he did non cognize that Juliet was kiping the whole clip. His violent death represented the battle between their love and their families’ hatred. In the terminal. the lone manner they could of all time be together. was if they both died. and left their universe. Twelve. Is that a Symbol? Harmonizing to Foster. symbols are all comparative. it’s all position. â€Å"Some symbols do hold a comparatively limited scope of significances. but in general a symbol can’t be reduced to standing for merely one thing† ( Foster 98 ) . Foster explains that if you of all time come across something that straight stands for something else. so that is an fable. An fable is meant to give a message. if you are diffident about the certain message. so the fable fails. A symbol has a overplus of significances and it can be interpreted in a figure of ways. Most of the clip. a symbol isn’t ever cut-and-dried. It will be up to you to calculate out what the symbol means. and you must utilize â€Å"questions. experience. [ and ] preexisting knowledge† ( Foster 100 ) to calculate it out. The more you question the text. or the symbol. the easier it will be to group your ideas together and come up with a decision that might use. It comes down to your imaginativeness ; it is the reader’s occupation to calculate out what they think the message is. In â€Å"The Great Gatsby† . the eyes of T. J Eckleburg are plastered onto a large hoarding. They look over the characters in the vale of decease ; they symbolize God’s small presence in their lives. The attenuation of the hoarding causes his eyes to go full of sorrow. as if he is judging the characters and glowering upon their failed moralities. In â€Å"Lord of the Flies† . the conch symbolizes the civilisation that they had left behind. the conch bids regard and it helps implement the regulations. Like most thoughts that promote order. the conch loses its power as clip on the island moves on. and it is wholly disregarded as the childs fall into savageness. Thirteen. It’s All Political Hidden within written plants are the political point of views and sentiments of the authorities. In fact. there was likely 200 pages worth of ostracizing the authorities in â€Å"A Prayer for Owen Meany† . but we aren’t allowed to utilize that book as a mention so I won’t explain. â€Å"Nearly all authorship is political on some level† ( Foster 111 ) . The political part of novels can cover with the jobs of the people and wrongs done by those in charge. Sometimes an writer characterizes a individual and gives him certain political facets merely so the writer can acquire his sentiments spoken without being really upfront about how he feels. Trying to accomplish 1s free will is another political job that writers tend to make struggle about. The battle for your individuality is ever at that place. its enemies being the society around him or the type of authorities the character lives in. â€Å"The Jungle† is a monolithic political novel candied in pig’s blood and dissolved rats. It shows the rough economic problems that low-class households starved in while focus oning around a household adult male who loses hope as the narrative goes on. It besides gives visible radiation to the corruptness and insanitary conditions that went on in the mills. By the terminal of the novel. after Jurgis’ married woman dies. he loses all hope in the universe. until one twenty-four hours his life becomes changed because of a certain socialist motion. And here enters the author’s political sentiments. which really encompasses the whole last chapter of the book. The writer uses the narrative of Jurgis and his household as poignancy so that we. the readers. will be empathic and impart a bigger ear towards socialism. Fourteen. Yes. She’s a Christ Figure. Too Even if you are Judaic. Muslim. or Atheist. you will detect Christian themes all around you. â€Å"We unrecorded in a Christian culture† ( Foster 117 ) . and in most novels. you will see Christian influences. No affair what faith you are. it is of import to cognize the context of the bible so you can grok in depth European and American literature. You must be on the sentinel for Jesus-like figures when you are reading. They will neer be perfect C transcripts of him. but they will be similar. The character will likely exhibit some glow upon him. he should be morally good. although non ever the instance. If the character seems to ever give for others. so you are one inch closer to holding a Christ figure. Like Jesus. if the character is tempted to make wrong-doing. so that is another characteristic. I would hold usage the other summer reading book for an illustration. but once more. I am regretful to state that we can’t mention to that large. and that would be rip offing for this chapter. But another illustration of a Christ-like figure would be Simon from â€Å"Lord of the Flies† . He was unlike the other male childs. he was truly good. he followed his ethical motives. and he cared for the small kids. Jesus has his word to distribute but Simon had the truth he had to portion. and they both died in the act of talking what they had to talk. There is an dry difference though. when Jesus died. his message was eventually spread. and things got better. But when Simon dies. the male childs are still following a barbarous motion. and things get darker and worse. Fifteen. Flights of Fancy Flight has a strong literary significance in narratives. They can. â€Å"introduce a specific historical and racial mention that is outside the experience of most readers† ( Foster 127 ) . which is what Morrison did in â€Å"Song of Solomon† . The character. Solomon. went back to Africa by winging off. alleviating him of the ironss and bonds that kept him bounded. So winging. fundamentally. means freedom. Flying can assist a character earn freedom from specific state of affairss. or mundane things that conveying weight upon your shoulders. It doesn’t needfully intend winging in the actual sense either. Your psyche can wing off. as in you let travel of whatever negative energy within you. and the universe around you becomes newer. When sarcasm work stoppages. as it ever does. flight can go the antonym of freedom. When one tries to get away their state of affairs. they sometimes fail and so life becomes worst for them. they will still be imprisoned. Falling is besides symbolic because in novels. some writers allow their characters to populate those certain falls. The autumn allows the character to recognize whatever he has been losing in his life. â€Å"there is an component of metempsychosis in their cheating what would typically turn out to be certain death† ( Foster 131 ) . In the Harry Potter series. winging was ever Harry’s opportunity of get awaying. He escaped from his uncle and aunt’s house by a winging auto in â€Å"The Chamber of Secrets† . he flies off from the Magyar Horntail on his broom handle in â€Å"The Goblet of Fire† . and he escaped a clump of decease feeders in Hagrid’s winging minibike in â€Å"The Deathly Hallows† . XVI. It’s All About Sexual activity Anything and everything can stand for sex. Sexual activity does non hold to be the actual: a two people holding sexual intercourse with each other. sex can be used with fruits or how a landscape is shaped. â€Å"The knight becomes the emblem of pure. if unseasoned. masculinity in hunt of a goblet. the Holy Grail. which if you think about it is a symbol of female gender as understood one time upon a clip: the empty vas. waiting to be filled† ( Foster 136 ) . You must be acute in seeking for these concealed sexual Acts of the Apostless. Masturbation can besides be symbolized with any actions or any points. no gag intended. Whenever a character is making an uneven action with intense passion. there is a good opportunity that the character is masturbating. Most of the clip. the writer will detail this action really carefully so you can see how this action pleasures the character. In â€Å"Lord of the Flies† . the boys participate in a mass ritual-like dance around the campfire. This could stand for an intense binge. for the male childs are moving animal-like. shriek and bellow. while the lone visible radiation comes from the campfire which can merely demo some of the male childs monstrous faces. The chief character Ralph. and his pal Piggy began to take portion of this action that resembles a late dark rave. This symbolizes the seduction of the male childs hearts into this lubricious like party. Seventeen. †¦Except Sexual activity The act of sex itself is non truly interesting in novels. Unless you are a 9th grader traveling through hormonal alterations. and if so. so that explains all those animal love books I saw my friends read. â€Å"The farther truth is that even when [ authors ] compose about sex. they’re truly composing about something else† ( Foster 144 ) . I hope you have noticed a form by now. that everything ever means something. Sometimes when a character has sex. it is so they can experience freedom. Sexual activity can typify a individual’s freedom from whatever limitations she has. It besides shows the author’s freedom in his authorship. his response towards censoring. Some sex is political sex. â€Å"O’Brien’s composing about sex is truly composing about release. or sometimes the failure of release ; it’s spiritual or political or artistic subversion† ( Foster 149 ) . In most novels that are post-modern epoch. most sex by adult females was an effort to interrupt from the societal hierarchy. because we all know that work forces would hold kept womans and personal businesss. In â€Å"1984† . the sex that Winston Smith and Julia have is merely an act of rebellion against the authorities and Big Brother. Julia herself admits to holding sex with other members of the â€Å"party† . demoing that she merely uses other’s organic structures for her ain selfish act of rebellion. In â€Å"The Awakening† . Edna darnels on his hubby because of her new found freedom and self-expression she feels. She hates the universe she lives in. which classifies her under a certain type of adult female. Edna wants to interrupt the woman-like stereotypes. so by holding sex. she is arising against society. Eighteen. If She comes Up. It’s Baptism If one falls into H2O. he will either dice or be saved. If the character is saved. so gets one more opportunity with life. a life he likely did non value before this near-death experience. â€Å"Symbolically. that’s the same form we see in baptism: decease and metempsychosis through the medium of water† ( Foster 155 ) . The individual goes in the H2O welcoming decease. and so still lives. but with a new position on life. the individual will be a changed adult male afterwards. To parallel the old statement. one can take to submerge himself. Alternatively of submerging in H2O. you can submerge in the adversities of life. By taking self-destruction. you choose. â€Å"not merely [ the ] relation to the universe around [ the character ] but his mode of go forthing it† ( Foster 156 ) . A troubled individual might hold lived an country where his free will was stripped from him. so the lone pick he had available was decease. Whether the individual lives or dies. they will go forth their old life behind and go a new individual. At the terminal of â€Å"The Awakening† . Edna chooses to kill herself by immersing herself into the ocean. Edna was submerging in a society which merely kept smothering her from what she wanted to be. She decided to go forth her universe and achieve freedom in another better universe. By submerging in the H2O. she eventually achieved going a individual of her ain. a single she ever wanted to be. XIX. Geography Matters†¦ Location. Location. Location. Yes I shall get down this page with a cliche . But what is non cliche . is puting in a narrative. The location of the narrative is important. and I do non intend merely a topographic point. â€Å"geography is puting. but it’s besides ( or can be ) psychological science. attitude. finance. industry- anything that topographic point can hammer in the people who live there† ( Foster 166 ) . Geography adds secret plan and struggle. A sudden blizzard. a hurricane. a inundation. and the long steep hills that teases a schoolboy in a chair. Speaking of schoolboys in chairs. geographics can assist specify a character. A character may go forth their hometown to a new topographic point. and one time at that place. they do things they would neer make. they become a wholly different individual. Geography can besides be a character. A foreign topographic point can do a character to experience intimidated. it can get the better of the character if it is that unsafe.In â€Å"The Adventures of Huck Finn† . Huck and Jim travel down the Mississippi River. which provides them with freedom and danger. The raft of the river helps them get away the land they step on because if you have realized. every clip they go on land. they ever get into problem. which plays into the fact that they do non cognize the racialist south country. The island in â€Å"The Jungle† forces the male childs into isolation and causes tenseness between each other. The island presents itself as an chance for the childs to travel brainsick with no regulations and no construction. but the island besides brings out the barbarian in their Black Marias. Twenty. †¦So Does Season Season symbolizes the alterations of clip. and besides the alterations of characters with their age. The authors use imagination and really descriptive diction to do the readers feel as if we are altering with the character. Name callings and monikers go along with seasons. â€Å"she’s all spring and sunlight: he’s all frigid stiffness† ( Foster 178 ) . Seasons represent different emotions and feelings. Summer means happy and winter agencies harsh or sad. Foster educates us and provinces that. â€Å"spring has to make with childhood and young person. summer with maturity and love affair and fulfilment and passion. fall with diminution and in-between age and fatigue but besides harvest. winter with old age and bitterness and death† ( Foster 178 ) . Whatever season it is. it affects the temper of the characters and the point of the narrative you are reading. Upton Sinclair’s â€Å"The Jungle† wouldn’t have been the same if there were no vesiculation snowstorms in the narrative. In the narrative. the coming of winter caused fright and terror. Jurgis and his boy had to walk to work in the snow. the snow made the mill more unsafe and colder. and everyone would acquire ill. which they couldn’t afford. The acrimonious cold made their battle crueler for them. The winter became a winter towards the household. in the manner it didn’t attention who it hurt or even killed. it was ruthless. The terminal of winter was a approval for Jurgis and his household. they used that clip to refill themselves. although there was truly nil to refill. and they could walk to work. and put in the hours they needed to pay for the bare necessities. Twenty-one. Marked for GreatnessBasically. if a character has some kind of malformation. cicatrix. losing limb. broken limb. or something along those lines. they are traveling to make something unbelievable or heroic. These Markss can state different things refering the character. â€Å"It has to make with being different. truly. Sameness doesn’t present us with metaphorical possibilities. whereas difference- from the norm. the typical. the expected- is ever rich with possibility† ( Foster 194 ) . The grade sets them apart from the crowd. doing them to be more noticed. Some cicatrixs are besides meant to hinder the character from making certain things in life. coercing them to accommodate or pout in their wretchedness of why they had to be this manner. A marker can be how a character is. covering with their attitude or personality. Some markers are reminders of something important that happened to them in their yesteryear. Normally. these markers bear strong emotions with them ; the grade could cover with a historical epoch. like cicatrixs from being a slave. Fictional characters can be scared mentally and physically excessively. It is merely like post-traumatic emphasis after war. Harry Potter’s ill-famed cicatrix is a reminder of his mother’s love. It was her love which protected Harry from deceasing as a kid. The cicatrix besides differentiates him from everyone else. whereas he rises as the chosen one. Ironically. the cicatrix is a nexus between him and Voldemort because they are slightly one. The cicatrix helps him get the better of Voldemort in the terminal of the series because he can experience what Voldemort feels. and finally kills him. going bigger than his cicatrix. and defeats Voldemort one time and for all. XXII. He’s Blind for a Reason. You Know Whenever a character is blind it means. â€Å"Every move. every statement by or about that character has to detect. to act otherwise. if merely in elusive ways† ( Foster 202 ) . Basically. the character becomes a nuisance to others and himself. the unsighted character must accommodate to his milieus and other people have to accommodate to him. But a unsighted character is neer merely blind ; it normally means they have a sense of sight spiritually. Foster says that when an writer introduces a unsighted character that they should get down looking for other images or duologue that relates to spy. A individual doesn’t needfully have to be literally blind ; it can be an drawn-out metaphor. They can be blinded by the truth. or blinded by choler. and even blinded by love. Foster besides explains that â€Å"if you want your audience to cognize something of import about your character ( or the work at big ) . present it early. before you need it† ( Foster 205 ) . The Soothsayer in â€Å"Julius Caesar† could see Caesar’s religion but he neer heard of what would go on. which is dry. Oedipus Rex has no thought that his married woman is mother and is blinded by this truth all the manner until the terminal of the drama. This gives the drama a great splash of dramatic sarcasm. since the audience knows the truth the whole clip. but Oedipus Rex and the other characters can’t see the audience. Twenty-three. It’s Never Just Heart Disease†¦ â€Å"In literature there is no better. no more lyrical. no more absolutely metaphorical unwellness than bosom disease† ( Foster 208 ) . The ground why is because the bosom is the beginning of all our emotion and character. You can be brave and have a strong bosom. or acquire dumped by a miss and be heart-broken. Whatever the character is experiencing. sad. mad. or lonely. it can take over the bosom disease and be the existent ground for a character’s death. An writer besides can utilize what a character’s bosom is experiencing and mix and fit it with a state of affairs or a scene and do it absolutely dry. â€Å" A adult male who in life has put so much stock in â€Å"heart†- in trueness and trust. in bravery and fidelity. in holding a true heart- can merely decease by a blow to the heart† ( Foster 211 ) . When bosom disease is mentioned in a novel. it should non be difficult to calculate out the significance. On the other manus. if a character’s bosom is merely holding emotional jobs or some kind of battle which will shortly let the bosom disease to happen. In Edgar Allen Poe’s. â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† . the storyteller is a liquidator who begins to hear a bosom whipping within his floor boards. He believes it is the adult male who he killed when in actuality ; it is merely his guilt in his bosom which is devouring him until he goes insane. By the clip the constabulary get at that place. he confesses to the slaying. Twenty-four. †¦And Rarely Just Illness Illnesss in literature can be powerful merely if you use certain unwellnesss. Foster summarizes some regulations that you should cognize refering unwellnesss in literature. The first thing you have to cognize is that some diseases are better than others. to utilize in a narrative I mean. The disease you should take should do for a good image. It should demo in the character at first glimpse. so that it helps develop a character. The more cryptic the disease is. the scarier it is. and the more fear and terror that comes from the mass of people. And most significantly. â€Å"it should hold strong symbolic or metaphorical possibilities† ( Foster 217 ) . Some writers will utilize a character’s illness to demo their personality type. An writer would besides convey a ill character in to do more struggle and convey it possible struggles with the outside universe. Foster so explains how writers use AIDS for the â€Å"political angle† . It besides has the metaphor attack by being hibernating and so looking indiscriminately while besides impacting unmindful victims. Death by illness besides can typify the breakability of life and the inquiry of commanding 1s faith. In â€Å"The Jungle† . Jurgis’ gramps dies of unwellness bases for the insanitary conditions that he had to work in. The inhuman treatment of the universe to coerce an old adult male to work merely to convey in money. Many other characters in the book died of disease. demoing how the environment affects their physical and mental wellness. Twenty-five. Don’t Read with Your Eyess Foster describes how you can non merely merely read a book. you must understand the moralss and ethical motives of the clip. If you don’t transport back to the gladiator yearss. you’ll merely think that they are barbarians and cruel. You have to calculate out the purpose of why the writer wrote what he wrote. â€Å"Try to happen a reading position that allows for understanding with the historical minute of the narrative. that understands the text as holding been written against its ain societal. historical. cultural. and personal background† ( Foster 228 ) . Upton Sinclair might drive off some readers because of his favouritism of socialism but you have to look at the state of affairs through his eyes. He was a mudslinger. he investigated the mills. and he saw the hurting in many people. Sing those things would likely because you to oppugn the authorities you live in. he likely merely wanted a alteration for the better. for the workers. Twenty-six. Is He Serious? And Other Sarcasms In the last chapter. Foster explains the significance of sarcasm. What sarcasm does is that it shatters our outlooks of the result. â€Å"irony trumps everything† ( Foster 235 ) . Whatever we expect to go on. the unthinkable will likely go on alternatively. You can work sarcasm into about every scenario conceivable. Foster so merely lists several illustrations of sarcasm in different narratives. Such as the one about the adult male who loved to read dies of a bosom onslaught and. â€Å"†¦the last thing he sees are the books from the bookcase he has pulled over on himself† ( Foster 241 ) . Nowadays. most authors use sarcasm in their plants. it keeps the reader visible radiation on their toes. But for those who have non reached that point. â€Å"Irony†¦provides extra profusion to the literary dish†¦inviting us. obliging us. to delve through beds of possible significance and viing signification† ( Foster 244 ) . In Romeo and Juliet. the two star cross ed lovers’ deceases are dry. Juliet took a potion that put her into a deathly province. but non truly dead. The message of the program neer reached Romeo because the mendicant did non make him in clip. and when he finds her. he is heartbroken and decides to kill himself instead than populating without her. when they were alive following to each other the whole clip. When Juliet sees that Romeo and killed himself because of this misinterpretation. she in return putting to deaths herself. excessively.

Democracy in Bangladesh Essay Example Essay Example

Democracy in Bangladesh Essay Example Paper Democracy in Bangladesh Essay Introduction The cost of good intentions: â€Å"solidarity† in Bangladesh The cost of good intentions: â€Å"solidarity† in Bangladesh Naila Kabeer 24 June 2004 How can the lives and conditions of women garment workers in Bangladesh be improved? Naila Kabeer questions whether the workers themselves benefit from the campaigning approach of Anita Roddick and the National Labor Committee. Anita Roddick writes on openDemocracy with passionate anger about the conditions of women workers in the export garment sector based on testimonies of workers she met on her visit to Bangladesh.Her account is supported by the United States-based National Labor Committee (NLC) which has been active in the country on this issue. Farida Khan, citing the World Bank country director in Bangladesh, offers a different perspective on the garment industry’s importance in the national economy and to Bangladeshi workers, one that partly counters Anita Roddick’s and the NLC’s views. I have be en engaged in research on different aspects of gender equality in Bangladesh, including the economic, for many years now; I have been particularly interested in how women themselves view their choices and life options.In contributing to this discussion, I will emphasise the issues that seem to me to be especially important in assessing the experience of women garment workers in Bangladesh, and where the best possibilities for improvement in their conditions might lie. Bangladesh in transformation Bangladesh, like much of south Asia, has always been a strongly patriarchal country. There are strict restrictions on women’s ability to participate in the public domain – whether to earn an income, attend school, or take part in politics.It remains one of the world’s poorer countries, classified by the United Nations as among its forty -eight least-developed economies. However, Bangladesh is also undergoing major social transformation. Poverty has been declining slowly but consistently over the past decade. The country moved, after several years of military dic tatorship, to a fragile democracy in 1990. There have also been important positive changes in the area of gender equality, something which would not have been possible if Islamic fundamentalists had the kind of presence that Farida Khan suggests.In this period, successive governments have played an active role in improving girls’ educational prospects. The gender gap in educ ation has been eliminated at www. openDemocracy. net 1 The cost of good intentions: â€Å"solidarity† in Bangladesh primary level and reduced at secondary level. A very active NGO sector, working largely with women from poorer households, has promoted self-employment opportunities for women in the countryside through the provision of microcredit, as well as greater awareness of their rights.There has been a high voter turnout by women at recent national and local elections – between 75% and 85% â⠂¬â€œ and increasing numbers of women are standing as candidates in local elections. Poverty remains a major problem in Bangladesh and many people still go hungry. No amount of effort by NGOs can solve the problem of unemployment in a country where, despite declining rates of population growth, there are a million new entrants to the labour force each year. nstigation, and roped together by their legs like cattle. Whether these are routine or exceptional incidents in the industry – and my own view is that they are not typical – they are indeed shocking and should be acted upon. The courts in Bangladesh work slowly and imperfectly, but they can and should be made to work in the interests of justice. But in making this point, we should also remember that these women are not â€Å"slaves† – however terrible their situation may appear to Anita Roddick.They are a group of workers who are exploited by their employers because of their social vulnerability and th eir limited choices, but they have exercised considerable strength of will and independent agency in making their way to these jobs. Most of them have migrated from the countryside, often on their own, Women from poorer ho useholds who explicitly in search of garment need paid work in order to survive Women from poorer employment. It is true that they are face particular problems.Returns to partly â€Å"pushed† into this sector by households who need women’s enterprise are low and the lack of employment paid work in order to social barriers to women’s opportunities in the countryside and participation in paid work outside survive face particular the low wages they are able to earn the home remain strong, particularly problems. there. But they are also â€Å"pulled† into in rural areas. Those women who do the industry by what they view as its find wage work earn wages far below more positive characteristics: those of men. egularity of income, and at higher levels than women with equivalent levels of education It is in this context that the million or so jobs can earn in other sectors. generated for women by the export-oriented garment industry have to be assessed. As Farida Khan points Moreover, it is difficult to reconcile the unrelentingly out, the participation of women in factory work is a harsh portrait painted by Anita Roddick with some of relatively new phenomenon in a country where women the evidence from research on garment workers. were almost invisible in public space.In the Consultations with urban poor households carried out Bangladeshi context, this is not a â€Å"novelty†: it is a by one of the largest NGOs in Bangladesh found that, social revolution. Nor is it necessary to have any of all the formal institutions that they had contact with, illusions about employers’ motivations in â€Å"preferring† the poor identified the garment industry (alongside female labour in a globally competitive industry to NGOs themselves) as the most positive. appreciate what these jobs have meant to women workers in Bangladesh.More micro-level research, including my own, suggests that women have many complaints about their jobs in Thus, Farida Khan’s contribution, though it portrays a the garment industry – but there is also much that they picture of Bangladesh which underestimates the value. These jobs have allowed them an opportunity to possibilities for change, at least balances a recognition earn their own living, to get out of the house, to of the exploitative aspects of work in the garment exercise some independent purchasing power, to industry with attention to its more positive postpone marriage or marry someone of their own implications.By contrast, Anita Roddick’s article does choice, to save and send money back to their families not. at home. Above all, these women value the opportunity these jobs provide to be economically self-reliant, Between slavery and freedo m rather than a burden on their families. The anger that impels Anita Roddick makes it clear The contradictions of activism that she draws from Bangladeshis’ experience the view that garment workers there are treated little better Anita Roddick and the NLC miss these significant than â€Å"slaves†.She relates stories of workers being dimensions of women garment workers’ ex perience. kicked and beaten, locked up by police at employers’ www. openDemocracy. net 2 The cost of good intentions: â€Å"solidarity† in Bangladesh The campaigning proposals that flow from their selective approach are equally problematic. They pledge to engage in an international campaign to â€Å"name and shame† those multinational companies that do business with Bangladeshi employers who do not respect women workers’ rights.Farida Khan, while rightly emphasising the importance of guaranteeing international mobility of labour and increased access of Bangladeshi p roducts to international markets as ways of improving conditions in the country, also suggests that campaigners might focus instead on the buying houses that deal directly with the employers. But these are the same companies and the same buying houses that have been reducing the prices they offer local employers – often at the same time as they pressurise them to improve labour standards. Naming and shaming† may indeed galvanise multinationals into action, but what will that action be? Offer higher prices per unit so that employers can pay for maternity leave – the â€Å"win-win† outcome? Deal only with those employers who can afford to pay for maternity leave and let the rest go out of business? Or simply move to a location where living standards and working conditions meet the requirements of global campaigners? It is important to ask: why do women workers not themselves organise to protest against what they consider to be the unacceptable aspects of the ir working conditions?The brutal tactics used by some of the employers that Anita Roddick describes are only part of the story. More important is their fear of losing their jobs when they know that there are many thousands of women ready to replace them. What workers need is to know that it is possible to protest without the fear of immediate dismissal. There is a law to that effect in Bangladesh but it is observed mainly in the breach. Yet this is a fundamental precondition for the right to organise.I would suggest that if the goal is to improve women’s capacity to speak for and organise themselves, then high-profile campaigns targeting individual companies are not the best way to achieve it. International solidarity would have more positive and lasting effects if it were focused on providing human rights and other organisations in Bangladesh with the support and resources they need to publicise workers’ rights and to take employers to court when these rights are viol ated. I have no doubt that Anita Roddick and the National Labor Committee have the interests of Bangladeshi women workers at heart.But good intentions implemented without due regard for their likely outcomes carry the danger of doing more harm than good to those they seek to benefit. Naila Kabeer is a research fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, England. She works primarily on poverty, gender, and social policy issues. She is the author of Reversed Realities: gender hierarchies in development thought (Verso, 1994) and The Power to Choose: Bangladeshi women and labour market decisions in London and Dhaka (Verso, 2000).Copyright  © Naila Kabeer, 24 June 2004. Published by openDemocracy Ltd. Permission is granted to reproduce this article for personal, non-commercial use only. In order to circulate internally or use this material for teaching or other commercial purposes you will need to obtain an institutional subscription. Reproduction of this arti cle is by arrangement only. openDemocracy articles are available for syndication. For institutional subscriptions, syndication and press inquiries, please call ++44 (0) 207 608 2000. www. openDemocracy. net 3 Democracy in Bangladesh Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Rules of the Game essays

Rules of the Game essays Jean Renoirs Rules of the Game(1939) is an excellent example of great French films. As a director Jean Renoir made use of the photography, plot and characters The deep focus shot as Gianetti and Leech put it A technique of Photography that permits all distant planes to remain clearly in focus, from close-up ranges to infinity is one of the most important techniques used in this classic film. For one it helps demonstrate the off-the-wall events that occur throughout this film, by being able to see the characters in the background as well as the foreground. In the entire film there are just over 300 shots, meaning that Renoir uses long sequences and lets the characters and actions develop themselves in front of the camera. Renoir was also very interested in making sure each character has a chance to reveal the character in detail, through both their words and actions. Another type of photography that Renoir uses very well were the close-ups. Close-ups are rarely used in Renoirs Rules of the game, but when they are used, they are used very effectively. The close-ups are only used on Christine (Nora Gregor) to demonstrate to the audience that she is the main and most important And finally the use of Renoirs Realist camera techniques are very evident in this film. The main techniques he used in this film were the large depth of the field, the constant camera movement and the long sequences. For this film Renoir ordered specially made lenses that would make it easier to change focus and capture multiplane movement. Renoir also uses a very mobile camera making you feel like a character in the film and not just a viewer. Rules of the Game, is one of the first films of all time to incorporate sexual freedom and its consequences that come along with it. Some Film critiques say that by the failure of Marquis to deal respectivel ...

Advertisemnt of junk food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertisemnt of junk food - Essay Example The advertisement of junk food has been on the increase in the many parts of the world. The advertisers use both the traditional forms and modern ways of advertisement. The traditional ways of advertisement comprise of television, radio, newspapers.The sophisticated ways of advertisement uses the internet and you tube. The promotion of the junk food through the media spells doom to the health living of an individual and the nation as a whole. Health is a major apprehension among different stakeholders in the world (Moton and Dumler, 2009). Many studies in United States indicate that American people, both the infants and the youth consume poor diets that pose a problem to their health. This therefore implies that the children and adolescents are at a precarious situation to contract health complications that come with poor diet. This is because the youth and the children ape any behavior that they perceive in the advertisement media. Promotion of good eating habits through the tools o f advertisement can greatly help to curb the imminent danger to health. Conversely, promotion of junk foods through advertisement will spell doom to the health of the American people (Insel et al, 2010). Advertising corporations in United States can help youth to reach a well-informed choice on whether to eat or not take junk foods. This can only happen when the corporations decide to advertise directly to the adolescents. Celebrities attract youth and they easily follow their mannerisms. To them it does not matter whether what they are advertising has potential dangers or not. Most advertisement in United States employs the models and the celebrities to publicize junk foods. This makes me believe that American advertisement corporation has negative impacts towards influencing decisions that youth make (Moton and Dumler, 2009). There is a significant change to the habits of consumption of foods in United States over period. Reliable sources indicate that most American youths and chi ldren take food away from their homes. This means that the children and adolescents do not get natural foods. They feed on the junk foods that contain a lot of fatty acids and added sugars. The intake of the high-fat foods poses a health danger to the children and youth. This contributes to the escalating number of overweight and obesity among the American youths and children. The data of these conditions has increased compared to the previous years. The overweight and obese children are at the danger of contracting the heart diseases. The commonest heart ailments include the hypertension and stroke. Other complications include diabetes 2. At severe cases, these disorders can lead to death (Insel et al, 2010). In addition, it puts a lot constrains to the economy of United States. This is because the government has to care for the cost of cardiac and diabetic patients. In the end, the disorders affect the productivity of the affected citizens. These Americans contribute little to the development of their economy. The appearance of skinny and slim people in the advertisement has negative impacts on the perception of youth. The youth and children perceive them as the epitomes worthy emulation. These youngsters tend to forgo food in order get the slender body. This makes the youth to experience starvation, which is detrimental to their healthy. Majority of women ands girls after viewing the thin models and actors tend to think that is the right body, which they should possess. This means that women and young girls will tend to dislike their bodies (Moton and Dumler, 2009). To resemble the models, the women will reduce the portions of their foods. This subjects the body into a very wanting situation because of lack of essential nutrients. This therefore calls for the advertising corporation to use a variety of women of varied sizes. It is a way to achieve neutrality in the advertisements of products. The advertisement of edible products influences the youth to deve lop interest to

The Grand Rapids Michigan Furniture Strike of 1911 Essay

The Grand Rapids Michigan Furniture Strike of 1911 - Essay Example Grand Rapids workforce was within a few ways in advance of to a large extent of the state in provisos of manual labor categorized & division awareness. The fundamental manual labor assemblage, the  Knights of Labor, embarked on management in Grand Rapids in 1883 & was prominent in receiving Grand Rapids to be solitary of the primary metropolis to commemorate May Day following the  1886 Haymarket mutiny. The KOL too acquired associates nominated to the Grand Rapids municipality charge at the closing stages of the 19th  Century & near the beginning fraction of the 20th  Century. Next toward the identical era the workforce were systematizing, the home production privileged were in addition running on top of conduct to engender further affluence and opinionated have power over all through the metropolis. The furnishings corporation proprietor were a rigid interlace faction that engaged a propos one third of the labor force in the near the beginning part of the 20th  Century & h ad initiated their personal furnishings maker organization in 1881 trailed via an owner society in 1905 that had notice certificate on each employee in the furnishings production. Additionally, the furnishings mugger magnate had as well instigated to be in charge of a vast deal of the neighborhood bank and intertwined structure of to be in command of inside the furnishings manufacturing amid proprietor sitting additional panel of administrators of apiece other corporations (Powell, 2007).  In truth, the intertwined scheme of industrial unit proprietor & the neighborhood depository arrangement was therefore so noteworthy that they were below examination pro infringement of antitrust act. The rampant affluence of the furnishings tycoon & the mounting manual labor strife around the state that was belligerent pro an eight hour exertion daylight hours, improved earnings, improved functioning environment & the desire to organize was the ideal framework for a colossal clout in 1911. Pres ently there are incongruity above the definite numeral of workforce who went on the clout, bar nearly all historians give the impression in the direction to place the figure at 4,000 originally & while numerous as 7,200 next to the conclusion of the four month clout. Workforce jointly sauntered off the post on April 19, 1911 in remonstration in opposition to the furnishings proprietor deficient of rejoinder to employee demand. April 19 was in addition the date subsequent to the furnishings manufacturer organization had in print a reaction to the workforce pronounce so as to that they wouldn't consent to communal haggle. The clout swelled rapidly & integrated the prop up of the Mayor & the Catholic Church underneath the headship of Bishop. Ultimately the furnishings proprietor pulled in strike breakers to endeavor to maintain the industrial unit unwraps and generating. Subsequent the objection on 19th April 1911, manufacturing entity landowner akin to Harry Widdicomb warren within th eir heel, & implemented their preeminent to preserve make up via means of conveying within supplementary physical employee. Umbrage elevated amid the conspicuous labor force. Anxiety flew into a rage on 15th May subsequent to Widdicomb shot to pressurize industrial action breaker in the route of the workplace all the way through a mass of a propos 1,200 protester & followers amassed on the John Widdicomb Co. on Fifth Street NW. That belatedly daylight, populace poured

Effects of Radiation in Biological Systems

Effects of Radiation in Biological Systems As stated in the oxford concise colour medical dictionary radiobiology is the branch of science dealing with the effects of radiation on biological systems. It is further stated that a sequence of events that deals with the absorption of energy from ionizing radiation to the efforts of the organism in order to compensate for the effects of this energy absorption and the damage to the organism that may be produced. There are a number of topics of study in radiobiology. The effect of ionizing radiation together with how it affects living cells will be further explained. Bushong (1998:29-32) states that the biologic effects of ionizing radiation represent the efforts of living things to deal with energy absorbed by them, after an interaction with such radiation. Maintained by the author it is stated that when ionizing radiation interacts with a cell, ionization and excitations are produced in either critical biologic macromolecule called targets e.g. DND, or in the medium which cellular organelles are suspended eg. Water. Based on the site of these interactions, it can be classified as either direct or indirect. The effects of radiation on living cells vary, depending on the type, intensity of exposure and the cell as discussed by Tubiana and Dutreix (1990:22). Radiation is an emission of ionising radiation. Maintained by the above authors, at low levels, radiation damage can be repaired by living cells with no effects, however, higher doses leas to sterility, mutation, which confuses cells resulting in the reproducing rapidly cell death. Cell damage can result in two ways namely direct radiation action, which harms molecules directly and indirect, by ionizing molecules turning them into toxic compounds causing damage. Some of the other aspects that are going to be discussed and explained below are cell structure, cycle and death; irradiation of cells; direct and indirect effects of radiation; interactions of gamma rays with matter; foetal irradiation; cell survival curves; properties of cell survival curves; therapeutic implications; oxygen effect; factors influencing oxygen effect; the five Rs of radiobiology and lastly radiation protection. CELL STRUCTURE, CELL CYCLE CELL DEATH: Discussed by Ford (2001:5) Atoms form molecules which make macromolecules, then build complex organic structures, and then cell which are the main structural component of tissues as well as reflects all features of life. They have similar structures but specialize according to their location. Cells contain inorganic compounds as well as organic compounds. Henry and Suntharalingam (2006:12) explain that there are two categories of cells namely prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Maintained by the above author . Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and are surrounded with a nuclear membrane. They do not contain any membranous organelles e.g. Mitochondria. However. On the other hand, eukaryotic cells have membranous organelles as well as a real nucleus. They are more highly developed compared to prokaryotic cells. The cell cycle is defined as the interval between the midpoint of mitosis in a cell and the midpoint of the subsequent mitosis in both daughter cells according to Millar and Levine (1998:102). Maintained by the above authors it describes the stages through which a cell passes through as it replicates. The length of time a cell may take to complete the cell cycle is highly variable. The basic division of the cell cycle is mitosis and interphase. Cells may also be in a special state known as the resting phase when not making any effort to divide and cells in this phase are mostly terminally differentiated cells. According to Tubianna and Dutreix (1990:86) the M phase is the period where the cell actively divides into two daughter cells. There are two related events namely mitosis and cytokinesis. The synthesis and mitosis of the cell cycle are separate by two gaps, G1 and G2 when respectively, DNA has not been synthesised or DNA has been synthesised but other metabolic processes are taking place. Elizabeth (2003:1) explains that cells are generally most radio-sensitive in the mitosis and G2 phases and most radio-resistant in the late S phase. Maintained by the above author Cytokinesis completes the M phase, however cells do not always undergo cytokinesis, instead forming multinucleate giant cells. This can either be normal or can be due to errors in mitosis. Explained by Tubiana and Dutreix (1990: 89) Cell death of static cells is defined as the loss of specific function. For stem cells and other cells capable of many divisions, cell death is defined as the loss of reproductive integrity (reproductive death).the above authors further explain that when cells are exposed to ionising radiation, the biological effects of radiation results mainly from damage to the DNA, however there are also other sites within the cell that, when damaged may lead to cell death. The capability of a single cell to grow into a large colony shows that the cell has retained its reproductive integrity. IRRADIATION OF CELLS: Elizabeth (2003:10) explains that when cells are exposed to ionizing radiation the standard physical effects between radiation and the atoms or molecules of the cell. The biological effects of radiation result mainly from damage to the DNA; however, there are also other sites within the cell that, when damaged, may lead to cell deaths occur. Maintained by the above author a surviving cell that maintains its reproductive integrity and proliferates almost indefinitely into a large number of progeny is said to be clonogenic. Sensitive component for radiation-induced cell killing rests in the cell nucleus and not in the cytoplasm. When ionizing radiation is directly absorbed in biological material, the damage to the cell may occur in either a direct or indirect mechanism. DIRECT INDIRECT EFFECT OF RADIATION: According to Bomford and Kunkler (2006: 265) in direct action, the radiation interacts directly with the critical target in the cell. The atoms of the target itself may be ionized or excited, leading to the chain of physical and chemical events that eventually produce the biological damage. It is the dominant process in the interaction of high linear energy transfer particles such as neutrons or alpha particles with biological material. In direct action, caused by x-ray or gamma ray photons, the photon interaction with an atom in the cell produces a charged particle (electron) which subsequently interacts with DNA directly as discussed by Hendry and Suntharalingam (2006:24). Hall and giaccia (2006:44) explain that in indirect action, the radiation interacts with other molecules and atoms (mainly water) within the cell to produce free radicals which can, through diffusion in the cell, damage the critical target within the cell. It can be modified by chemical sensitizers of radiation protectors. Further explained by the above authors, Basic radiochemical reactions that may occur in water molecules disrupt by the passing of an ionizing particle which are highly reactive species that are produced in water, through the radiochemical reactions. These reactive species bring about the indirect radiation damage to biological systems by reacting and damaging the molecules in the cell. The free radicals that break the chemical bonds and produce chemical changes that lead to biologclcal damage are highly reactive molecules because they have an unpaired valence electron. About two-thirds of the biological damage by low linear energy transfer radiations e.g. X-rays , is due to indirect action and one-third due to direct action. INTERACTIONS OF GAMMA RAYS WITH MATTER: Discussed by Johnston and Fauber (2012:63)The steps involved in producing biological damage by the indirect action of x-rays are the primary photon interaction which includes he photoelectric effect, Compton scatter and pair production produces a high energy electron, high energy light charged particle in moving through tissue produces free radicals in water. Maintained by the above author the free radicals may produce chemical changes in DNA from the breakage of chemical bonds and the changes in the chemical bonds results in biological effects. FOETAL IRRADIATION: According to Isaac (2009:26) Foetal radiation is known as teratogen (causes birth defects). Between conception and birth, the foetus passes through different stages of development. When a mother is pregnant, the unborn child can be harmed by radiation which could result in the child having cancer and genetic defects. Due to the fact that the foetus would be highly sensitive to radiation, they are rapidly dividing, undifferentiated and have a long mitotic future. Elizabeth, M (2003:16) a human embryo exposed to a large amount of radiation before 2-3 weeks of gestation could result in a miscarriage. 4-11 weeks could result in severe abnormalities of organs and 11-15 weeks in mental retardation. However, after the 20th week, the human foetus is more radiosensitive and functional defects may occur. Effects of radiation on the foetus depends on two factors namely the dose to the foetus and secondly is the stage of development at the time of exposure. An important factor to note is that an abortion should be considered only when the foetal dose has exceeded 10 cGY. The principle effects of radiation on a foetus are foetal or neonatal death, malformations, growth retardation, congenital defects and cancer induction as maintained by the above author. CELL SURVIVAL CURVES: Discussed by Hall and Giacca (2006: 67) Cell survival curves which is the surviving fraction against the absorbed dose describes the relationship between the surviving fractions of cells that is the fraction of irradiated cells that maintain their integrity. Maintained by the above author, the cell survival against dose is graphically represented by plotting the surviving fraction on a logarithmic scale on the ordinate against dose on a linear scale. Typical survival curves for cells irradiate by densely ionizing radiation (low linear energy transfer). Tubiana and Dutreix (1990: 26) the type of radiation influence the shape of the survival curve. For densely ionizing radiation (high linear energy transfer) the cell survival curve is almost an exponential function of dose which is shown by an almost straight line on a log-linear plot. However, for sparsely ionizing radiation (low linear energy transfer) the survival curves show an initial slope followed by a shoulder region and then becoming nearly straight at high doses as retained by the above authors. The currently used model for describing the cell survival curve is the linear-quadratic model with constants Alpha and Beta. The ratio alpha/beta gives the dose at which the linear and quadratic components of cell killing are equal. PROPERTIES OF CELL SURVIVAL CURVES: Adhikar (2003:2) explains that for late responding tissues the survival curves are more curved than those for early responding tissues. For early effects the ratio is large and dominates at low doses however for late effects it is small and has an influence at doses lower than for early responding tissues. The above mentioned author goes on to explain that the effects of radiation on tissue as a function of dose are measured with assays and the measured results are presented in the form of cell survival curves and dose response curves. THERAPUTIC IMPLICATIONS: Bomford and Kunkler (2003:99) state that DNA being the target of ionizing radiation leads to several important therapeutic implications. The radiation damage that occurs in clusters that match the size of a DNA strand may be more effective in causing damage. The above authors further explain that drugs target DNA have synergistic effects with radiation whilst people with genetic defects due to radiation damage response may exhibit increased levels of DNA mutation or cell death. Points in cell cycle where the DNA is more susceptible to damage are also more sensitive to radiation and the cycling of cells has an impact on the radio sensitivity of the cell type. OXYGEN EFFECT: Franckowiak (2008:2) explains that when ionizing radiations transverse through matter, they gradually loose energy through various interaction processes along their path. For certain absorbers the rate of energy loss depends on the type of radiation as well as the density of the material. Maintained by the above author the rate at which energy is deposited as a charged particle travels through matter by a particular type of radiation is known as linear energy transfer which is a function of the mass and charge of the radiation. Carlton and Adler (2006:344) explain that Electromagnetic radiation, having no mass or charge produces fast electrons with negligible mass and a negative charge. Due to this, the probability of an electron interacting with an atom is relatively small resulting in the ionizations produced being distant and far from each other hence terming electromagnetic radiation as linear energy transfer radiation. In contrast to electromagnetic radiation, highly ionizing radiations e.g. Alpha-particles that have a predictable mass, have a greater chance of interacting with matter, producing short distance ionizations. Different linear energy transfer radiations produce different degrees of the same biologic response. However, equal doses of linear energy transfer do not produce the same biologic response. This was retained by the above authors. Travis (1989:207) explains that the ability of radiation with different linear energy transfers produce a specific biologic response called the relative biologic effect. It is a comparison of a dose of test radiation that produces the same biological response. Maintained by the above author ,when comparing the two types of radiation that differ in nature or energy, the relative biological effectiveness when compared, represents the absorbed dose which results in a given biological effect. Therefore the concept must refer to a well-defined biological effect of a particular level. FACTORS INFLUENCING OXYGEN EFFECT: Ford (2001:10) discusses that some of the factors that influence the oxygen effect are chemical, biological and technical. In chemical, the oxygen concentration may be increased by internal or external methods. In biological, if the patient suffers from chronic airways disease or other problems with oxygen transport, then the oxygen concentration will be lower and prevalence of hypoxic cells will be increased. However, in technical, these have minimal impact on the oxygen effect, maintained by the above author. THE FIVE RS OF RADIOBIOLOGY: Bomford and Kunkler (2003:236) explain that there are five Rs in the radiotherapy process namely; repair, redistribution, reoxygenation, repopulation and lastly radio sensitivity and these will be further explained below. REPAIR: This is one of the primary reasons to fractionate radiotherapy and there are three types of damage that ionizing radiation can cause to cells. These are lethal, sub lethal and potentially lethal damages. Maintained by the above authors, by splitting radiation dose into smaller parts cells are allowed to repair sub lethal damage depending on the ability to recognize damage, repair pathways and cell cycle arrest. However, normal cells with intact repair pathways are able to repair the sub lethal damage by the time the next fraction is delivered. However, if the dose rate is sufficiently low, repair may be able to take place during radiotherapy treatment which reduces the cell death and is one reason low dose treatment show reduces effectiveness to high dose rate treatment as stated by Isaac (2009:20). REDISTRIBUTION: Sunthalingam and Hendry (2006:12) state that redistribution occurs during low dose rate which may increase cell killing, although it is minimal compare to the increased repair. When radiotherapy is given to a population of cells, they may be in different parts of the cell cycle. A small dose of radiation delivered over a short time period will kill a lot of sensitive cells and less of the resistant cells. REOXYGENATION: Oxygenation status may change during treatment due to tumours being acutely or chronically hypoxic. Acute hypoxia is due to the closure of capillaries or arterioles supplying parts of the tumour. While closed, tumour cells become hypoxic and resistant to the indirect action of radiation. These vessels are usually closed for a short time but may occur during a fractionated dose of radiation. Splitting dose into fractions raises possibility of closed vessels being opened the next time, hence allowing the tumour cells to be killed as explained by Sunthalingam and Hendry (2006:13). Maintained by the above authors, chronic hypoxia is due to the poor vasculature of tumours and oxygen has to travel far to reach cells that are far. These cells are resistant to radiation, fractionated radiation therapy kills cells that lie close to capillary more effectively thus being able to move closer to their nutrition source becoming relatively toxic and these cells can be killed. REPOPULATION: Bomford and Kunler (2003:237) explain that repopulation is the increase in cell division that is seen in normal and malignant cells at some point after radiation is delivered. Repopulation of normal tissues occurs at different speeds depending on the tissue. Maintained by the above authors, early responding tissues begin repopulation and by increasing treatment over a certain time period reduces early toxicity in that tissue. However late responding tissue only begin repopulation after the radiation cause has being completed and therefore repopulation has minimal effects. Adhikar (2003:4) explains that repopulation of malignant tissues are when some tumours exhibit accelerated repopulation which is a dangerous phenomenon that must be counted if treatment time extends. Methods to do this include accelerated treatment with hyper fractionation to minimise late effects. RADIOSENSITIVITY: Radio sensitivity cells include haematological cell. Radio resistant cells include myocytes, neurons and tumour cells such as melanoma and sarcoma as explained by Adhikar (2003:4). RADIATION PROTECTION: As discussed by Carlton and Adler (2006: 153-155) there are three principles of personnel exposure reduction namely time distance and shielding. A decrease in time working with or in the vicinity of radiation will increase exposure and decrease the dose. Maintained by the above author increasing the distance between the source of radiation and the individual will decrease exposure. Bushong (1998:54) also mentions that shielding decreases the exposure that is used when time and distance cannot be implemented. Examples of shielding are gonad shields, lead aprons, lead line doors etc. CONCLUSION: As we all know now know, radiobiology deals with the effects of radiation in biological systems. Radiation is energy in the form of waves and particles that are emitted from a source that comes in many forms however it may not always be a dangerous thing. The forms of radiation that are especially dangerous to living things are those with energy sufficient to penetrate tissues and then ionize the atoms they pass along the way which damage tissues by disrupting normal cellular chemistry and are mutagenic and carcinogenic. Cell damage can result in two ways namely direct radiation action, which harms molecules directly and indirect, by ionizing molecules turning them into toxic compounds causing damage. Discussed above and throughout the assignment we see how a cell together with their structure until death occurs due to irradiation of cells by either direct or indirect effects of radiation. We also looked at interactions of gamma rays with matter as well as effects of foetal irradiation. Cell survival curves together with their properties as well as theraputic implications and oxygen effect were explained. The five Rs in radiobiology play an important aspect together with ways of protecting yourself and others from the harmful effects of radiation.